A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Significance of Pelargonium graveolens

Abstract

Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér (Geraniaceae), widely referred to as rose-scented geranium, is a perennial aromatic species recognized for its long-standing use in traditional medicine and its substantial economic significance. This review consolidates contemporary findings on the plant’s phytochemical profile, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic relevance. The essential oil and various extracts of P. graveolens are rich in bioactive constituents—particularly monoterpenes such as citronellol, geraniol, and linalool, along with diverse polyphenols—that collectively contribute to a broad array of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo investigations indicates considerable therapeutic potential; however, clinical validation remains insufficient. This review provides a critical appraisal of the current literature, highlights existing knowledge gaps, and outlines priorities for future research aimed at advancing preclinical insights toward clinical applicability